Circuit Response
every model has an edge, and the figure carries it
Ladder

Margin overshoot — the ladder

One essay so far against this idea. A ladder is the distinct arguments that stand against one idea, and this one has room to grow.
  1. 0501001500200400600closed-loop output (volts) for a 1 V stepthe 100× the divider asks for35.1% overphase margin, measured two waysfrom the loop gain34.9°from the overshoot35.0°apart by 0.1° — the relation assumes two poles and this loop has threesolved, then checked — margin against overshootthe second-order relation is 0.1° out here

    Two measurements of one margin

    A phase margin is computed from the loop gain in the frequency domain, without ever looking at a step. An overshoot is measured from the closed-loop step response in the time domain, without ever looking at a Bode plot. Inverting the standard relation on the second returns 34.9° against the first's 34.9°, and the residue is the third pole.

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